I am four years into a BA in history at the University of West Georgia. "antananantanan" (magical charm), Adalfriid (owner's name), and sword names like Gramr (Fierce), Grsa (Grey-sides), Gunnlogi (Flame of Battle), Fotbitr (Foot-biter), Leggbir (Leg-biter), Kuernbut (Millstone-breaker), Skrofnung (Gnawer), Nadr (Viper), and Naegling (Hole-maker). The power of Durandal allegedly comes from the holy relics it is made from. Women Power . He was a knight previously from Castile, but his exemplary fighting skills saw him become an important part of King Ferdinand I of Spains legacy. The British Library recently updated its blog post with more information from van Hasselt. William Wallace from Scotland used the Wallace Sword in the Battle of Falkirk (1298). Longquan sword originated in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of China,which has over thousands of years history and is famous for superb forge technology and rich experience of swords. It must have been a special dictum [saying] so obvious and so self-evident to him that it was not necessary to spell out its significant meaning," the researchers said. pieces of wood: Vimose woodplane, Neudingen/Baar, Arum sword (a yew-wood miniature sword), cremation urns: Loveden Hill (Lincolnshire), Spong Hill (Norfolk), Wurmlingen spearhead, from an Alemannic grave in, Ilkjr, Jrgen (1996a). In ancient times, China had ten famous swords. In one of these stories, another sword was embedded: the Ame-no-Murakumo (Cloud Cluster Sword). But some did survive. Taayke, Ernst. A link to set a new password will be sent to your email address. Many swords are associated with kings and the British Isles has a fair few, with five being part of the British Crown Jewels in London. New Moai statue that 'deified ancestors' found on Easter Island, 'Building blocks of life' recovered from asteroid Ryugu are older than the solar system itself, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. This golden hilted sword also contains sacred pieces, such as the strands of St. Denis hair, Saint Marys robe piece, Saint Peters tooth, and the blood of Saint Basil. No one knows for sure, according to the British Library, which recently posted information about the weapon on its website, along with a request for readers to help crack the seemingly incomprehensible code. Another sword of French history and legend is Durandal. An exercise in decipherment. Chinese history also holds a tale of some legendary blades and although this sword has beaten all of them. After his execution, little is known about his sword until the 16th century when King James IV allegedly requested a blacksmith to create a bind for it. Elder Futhark inscriptions were rare, with very few active literati, in relation to the total population, at any time, so that knowledge of the runes was probably an actual "secret" throughout the Migration period. He declared that anyone who could remove the blade would find no better weapon in all his days. Because of its rich history as the sword of El Cid, Tizona remains one of Spains most valuable national treasures. In ancient times, China had ten famous swords. Modern media often depicts these weapons so that they more obviously resemble Japanese designs. Talib was the son-in-law of Muhammad and Caliph from 656 to 661. The sword (at this time still referred to as Ame-no-Murakumo) was given to a warrior named Yamato Takeru. The sword is kept in the Shinto Shrine of Japan that houses other imperial regalia and is not available for public viewing. Before humanity was created, the universe was in chaos a common theme in many ancient myths. It is believed to have been the favourite sword of the French king Charlemagne. It is still kept in Burgos Spain in a museum in memory of the Cid. She decided to save her husband by throwing herself into the fire, thereby heating it enough to make the sword. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the Elder Futhark script was still in its early phase of development, with inscriptions concentrated in what is now Denmark and Northern Germany. +VLFBERH+T (10 examples), with a sixth class of "misspellings" (+VLEBERHIT, +VLFBEHT+, +VLFBERH+, +VLFBERT, +VLFBERTH, 17 examples) and a seventh class "not definable" (31 or 32 examples). He lived during the 8th century and as one of the earliest sword makers in Japanese . Under the guidance of Merlin and with the power of Excalibur, Arthur united Britain against the Anglo-Saxon invaders and assembled a group of knights to help him govern. The down-curved guard of the sword is inlaid with a series of . Frankish origin of the swords has long been assumed because of the form of the personal name Ulfberht. One of the most famous and notable swords is the one found in the 19th century in Norway, in the Sogn region, called the Sb sword. Your email address will not be published. The Zulfiqar sword was a scimitar given to Ali ibn Abi Talib by the Prophet Muhammad, according to Shiite tradition. Tiger Hook Swords These types of swords are traditional weapons associated with Chinese Kung Fu martial arts. About 260 items in Elder Futhark, and close to 6,000 items (mostly runestones) in Younger Futhark. The mystery around its existence is obvious, considering there are few facts about the relationship between Japan and Korea in those years. There are other stories about Gramr, but this is the most well-known one. Excalibur is often portrayed as a longsword. This sword belonged to Frankish military leader Roland, a contemporary of Charlemagne. This is also a, The inscription is bookended by two invocation crosses, which in this example are. This particular one is especially legendary because it is associated with a man called Tristan, a knight who sat at King Arthurs round table. Three museums the National Museum Zurich, the Chteau de Prangins and the Forum of Swiss History Schwyz as well as the Collection Centre in Affoltern am Albis are united under the umbrella of the Swiss National Museum (SNM). On the blade towards the hilt and within the fuller is an inlaid legend, while on the other face, also within the fuller, is an inlaid double scroll. You are using an out of date browser. builder of the famous Jarlabanki causeway in 11th-century Sweden . It is believed to have helped him defeat the Moors, who allegedly surrendered at the very sight of Tizona. Muslims all over the world revere Zulfiqar as it symbolizes a deep faith. As per the history, the ruler won Tizona from its previous owner, King Yucef in Valencia. Animals, Travel, Casinos, Sports, Gift Ideas, Mental Health and So Much More! A runic inscription is an inscription made in one of the various runic alphabets. Like the inseparable couple, the two swords, one male and the other female, were not able to be separated. The gods, or deva, were in a struggle against the demons, or asura. Another example appears to have been made from high-quality hypoeutectoid steel possibly imported from Central Asia. This website uses cookies. Today, it is part of the Crown Jewels and is one of the swords used during the coronation . They are also the starting point of the much more varied high medieval tradition of blade inscriptions. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. According to the legend, the swordsmith prayed to the Gods for his swords to be great destroyers. His prayers were answered, but the swords became fiercely dangerous. A sword that is thought to be Joyeuse currently resides in the Louvre in Paris. MacLeod, Mindy, and Mees, Bernard (2006). While dying, the king Arthur asked Sir Bedivere to throw the sword into the lake. Here we feature ten striking swords from the ancient world. List of the Most Famous & Important Swords in History [Updated], Glass Blowing Classes in New York 2023 [Updated], Glass Blowing Classes in North Carolina 2023 [Updated], Welding Schools & Classes in Wyoming 2023 [Updated], Welding Schools & Classes in Wisconsin 2023 [Updated], Longest Battles & Sieges in History [Facts & Pics], Welding Schools & Classes in Washington 2023 [Updated], Gothic Armor of the Renaissance [Styles, Facts & Pics]. News . Media Kit. However, legendary swords are remembered for their history and legendary wielders. The sword, is thus, a symbol of Scotlands freedom. The famous single-edged sword made of fine steel with curved blade belongs to the closing . Life & Culture, About Us. [1] The body of runic inscriptions falls into the three categories of Elder Futhark (some 350 items, dating to between the 2nd and 8th centuries AD), Anglo-Frisian Futhorc (some 100 items, 5th to 11th centuries) and Younger Futhark (close to 6,000 items, 8th to 12th centuries).[2][3]. Belonging to the Anglo-Saxon king, Edward, the Sword of Mercy is an iconic piece of weaponry. The variety of the letter sequences on the swords makes it clear that the inscriptions are not general statements (i.e., a standard blessing written out in short form). These pages contain only a few hundred of the more common Kanji found on sword tangs. Most of the famous swords on this list have a long history of legend and poetry to accompany them. Legends about swords are part of every continents history, but these 10 happen to be the most legendary ones still in existence today. . With far-reaching consequences Not everyone was pleased about the invention of book printing. An enigmatic blade made by the Vikings and engraved with the word Ulfberht has stumped archaeologists. Some are explicitly dedications among lovers, containing leub "beloved", or in the case of the Blach fibula fridil "lover". The Ulfberht swords are a group of about 170 medieval swords found primarily in Northern Europe, [3] [4] dated to the 9th to 11th centuries, with blades inlaid with the inscription +VLFBERH+T or +VLFBERHT+. But on one side of the sword is a mysterious inscription, made by gold wire that has been inlaid into the steel, which reads, "+NDXOXCHWDRGHDXORVI+." Virtually every culture has tales of heroes and gods that have done battle with insurmountable foes and they each had a suitable weapon. Fortunataly I was comftably numb. Received support from us? Apart from the earliest inscriptions found on the continent along the North Sea coast (the "North Germanic Koine", Martin 2004:173), continental inscriptions can be divided in those of the "Alemannic runic province" (Martin 2004), with a few dozen examples dating to the 6th and 7th centuries, and those associated with the Goths, loosely scattered along the Oder to south-eastern Poland, as far as the Carpathian Mountains (e.g. others discoveries were unearthed around Germany, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Belgium, England and Bosnia.[8][9]. The Sword of Mercy is a legendary weapon that belonged to Edward the Confessor, one of Britain's last Anglo-Saxon kings. The Ulfberht swords are a group of about 170 medieval swords found primarily in Northern Europe,[3][4] dated to the 9th to 11th centuries, with blades inlaid with the inscription +VLFBERH+T or +VLFBERHT+. 11-14 for maps regarding location and age. [3][14], The prevalence of Ulfberht swords in the archaeological record of Northern Europe does not imply that such swords were more widely used there than in Francia; the pagan practice of placing weapons in warrior graves greatly favours the archaeological record in regions of Europe that were still pagan (and indeed most of the Ulfberht swords found in Norway are from warrior graves), while swords found in continental Europe and England after the 7th century are mostly limited to stray finds; e.g., in riverbeds. Stalsberg's numbers are based on Leppaho's findings from the 1960s. The sword saw so much battle that it featured in the Song of El Cid, a medieval poem telling of his many exploits. a simple X-shape that may also be ornamental. The sword is forged in such a way that it looks to have been made by technologies that weren't available until 800 . The swords tip was squared off after being broken, probably in battle, so it cannot be used to fight. Join the bet via the latest updated link with, Ten Action Heroes of the 90s That Turned Me Into the Man I Am Today, Ten Rappers & Cereal Pairings You Wont See in Your Breakfast Bowl, Ten Ways to Make Money Online in the New Year, Ten Smart Ways to Earn Extra Money Most People Can Achieve, 10 Effective Solutions That Will Keep Your Home Pest-Free. And pre-Christian Germanic tribesman inscribed runes onto their swords, axes and armor to "endow the items with magical powers," the Fyris Swords Project researchers wrote in a paper published in the journal Waffen- und Kostmkunde (Weaponry and Costumes) in 2009. Mohammed allegedly gave the scimitar to Ali while he was fighting in the siege of Medina after every other sword he had was broken. I havent found anything about the inscriptions on the steel sword. 1) Amakuni Yasutsuna (8th Century) Artwork of 8th century Japan, the century when Amakuni Yasutsuna lived and crafted his swords. It can be difficult to separate fact from fiction when studying famous swords from ancient and medieval history. This stunning sword belonged to Emperor Goujian, as inscribed on the hilt of the weapon. While the Nordic bracteates are jewelry imitating Roman gold coins, there were a number of actual coins (currency) in Anglo-Saxon England inscribed with runes, notably the coins from Kent, inscribed with pada, pa and epa (early 7th century). Lthi (2004:321) identifies a total of about 81 continental inscriptions found south of the "North Germanic Koine". Gan Jiang was the sword of a husband named Gan Jiang; Mo Ye was the sword of his wife, named Mo Ye. Stalsberg (2008:2): "This indicates that geometrical and other marks were frequently welded into sword blades which have no signature, and it demonstrates that the technique of welding rods into the blade to make marks and signatures was known in many countries in Europe. high medieval tradition of blade inscriptions, Some early medieval swords in the Wallace Collection and elsewhere, "The Ulerht Sword (On Loan from Laird Landmann)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulfberht_swords&oldid=1125373822, Double-edged, straight bladed, slight taper, This page was last edited on 3 December 2022, at 17:39. The River Witham sword was forged in Germany, which was then the blade-making center of Europe, according to the British Museum. For example, a ring found in Bopfingen has been interpreted as being inscribed with a single g, i.e. However such swords are decorative, something which cannot be said for the oldest sword in the British Isles, the Manx Sword of State in the Isle . A rudis was a wooden sword, awarded to the Roman gladiator who won a battle in the arena and was liberated. Therefore, Gan Jiang and Mo Ye were two swords of love. Estimates of the total number of inscriptions produced are based on the "minimal runological estimate" of 40,000 (ten individuals making ten inscriptions per year for four centuries). At his sister Signys wedding, Odin appeared as he was wont to do and thrust a sword, Gramr, into a tree. Wallace fought the English in the Battle of Stirling Bridge and the Battle of Falkirk during the First War of Scottish Independence. His sword is now kept in Argentina as a symbol of American freedom. It reads as follows: This is an acronym made up of capital letters from the Latin invocation, The second example of an invocation of God is a bit of a challenge, precisely because the text is so truncated. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The swords exact purpose is not known either, as it could have been an act of peace, or declaration of war. given to the Prophet Muhammad by the Archangel Gabriel, The sword is said to have similar powers to Excalibur, Perseus holding Medusas head, Benvenuto Cellini, Gozu Tenn (Susanoo) and Inada-hime, from the series, He was exiled for this act and found himself in Izumo province, was given to a warrior named Yamato Takeru, Rudra, an avatar of Shiva and the wielder of Asi, The Unification of Japan: A Century of Turmoil, The Evolution & Timeline of Samurai Armor, How Leonardo da Vincis Notebooks Transcend Time, Marco Polo: Renowned Merchant, Explorer & Travel Writer, 5 Of The Most Admired Ancient Elite Military Units. The Sword of Goujian was excavated in Hubei, China in 1965. Sword of a thousand truths Oh wait, new commission? In a fit of pique one day, he flayed a horse and threw its body into a weaving loom before excreting on the floor of the palace. An important find is the Bergakker inscription, suggested as recording 5th-century Old Frankish. Such swords were likely owned by wealthy warriors, according to the British Museum, which speculates that the River Witham sword belonged to a knight or some other rich individual who rode into battle during the crusades of the late medieval period. Their other seven daughters had already been taken and devoured. Follow Live Science @livescience, Facebook& Google+. The fierce Frankish leader wielded this weapon in the 8th and 9th centuries in what is now modern day France. The sword of mercy or the Curtana is a crown jewel of the UK used in the coronation of British Monarchs alongside the Sword of Temporal Justice and the Sword of Spiritual Justice. The precise number of inscriptions is debatable, as some proposed inscriptions consist of a single sign, or a row of signs that may also be "rune-like", in imitation of writing, or purely ornamental. Both, Colada and Tizona are the legendary swords of El Cid Campeador of Spain (Castilian nobleman and military leader in medieval Spain). It became famous after the controversial execution of General Yamashita of the Imperial Japanese forces that defeated the British army and took control of Singapore during WWII. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Geoffrey of Monmouths work is the most well-known source from which modern retellings of the Arthurian tales stem. What does this strange group of letters mean? 6, p.576); the location of Liebenau is close to the boundary of the North Sea and South Germanic zones. It is presently kept in the Isonokami Shrine in Nara Prefecture of Japan and is not put for public display. There are many inscriptions on the sword. And the two plus sign-shaped symbols before and after the inscription are likely Christian crosses, according to the Fyris Swords Project researchers. El Cid, or just the Cid, is a Spanish hero and swordsman famous for uniting Christians and Muslims in the city of Valencia in the 11th century. The National Wallace Monument showcases a sword that is said to be the sword of William Wallace. It has outstanding cutting ability and is regarded as a symbol of "bad luck" by the Tokugawa family, and is reputed to be a . Joyeuse is the famous sword of Charlemagne. Chun Jun is a sword of majesty, and also one possessed by Gou Jian, the King of the Yue State in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is a combination of courage and a fierce spirit. According toThe Lost History of Yue, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, once invited Xue Zhu, an expert at appreciating swords, to come recognize and appreciate some valuable swords. While that story remains a legend, there is a real sword in the stone in the Tuscany region of Italy, and it is known as the Sword in the Stone of San Galgano. Inscriptions on swords were common in the Middle Ages, personalising an expensive item, symbolising the owner's sworn oath as a knight and defender of the Church. Like other scimitars, Zulfiqar would have had a curved blade of medium size. Strangely enough, it projected a shadow upon the wall in the dawn or the evening, when an alternation between daylight and darkness occurred. Named after Japan's greatest swordsmith, Goro Nyudo Masamune, this famous blade has appeared in many different video games including Final Fantasy and Soulcalibur, but it's most powerful and highly regarded form was in Square's beloved RPG, Chrono Trigger. There are some 70 inscriptions in total, about half of them on fibulae. Tiger of Mysore, Tipu sultan's sword is considered to be one of the world's rare artifacts. The sword is a symbol of the Islamic faith and featured on flags of the Ottoman Empire. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Thankfully, they'll all miss. The inscription appears in three places on the sword: on . Adjudged to be a 'Civilized Pervert' by my Arrse peers. The first two letters on the River Witham sword are ND, which van Hasselt said might be a kind of invocation that stands for "Nostrum Dominus (our Lord) or Nomine Domini (name of the Lord).". The total length is 90cm. This legendary sword with a curved blade is also depicted in various Islamic inscriptions, talismans, etc. It even cut one of the archaeologists that unearthed it when he tried to test the potency of its edges. The reverse sides of the blades are inlaid with a geometric pattern, usually a braid pattern between vertical strokes. The transition to Younger Futhark begins from the 6th century, with transitional examples like the Bjrketorp or Stentoften stones. The saying l sayfa ill l-Faqri wa-l fat ill Aly (There is no sword but the Zulfiqar, and there is no hero but Ali), an invocation from the Prophet, often appears on talismans, in praise of both the legendary sword and Ali himself. However, according to Moilanen (2015, p. 126) the number of swords is 31. She graduated with a bachelor of arts degree from George Washington University. This curved sword bears the cuneiform inscription "Palace of Adad-nirari, king of the universe, son of Arik-den-ili, king of Assyria, son of Enlil-nirari, king of Assyria," indicating that it was the property of the Middle Assyrian king Adad-nirari I (r. 1307-1275 B.C.). Zeus mother Rhea birthed him in secret and placed a stone in swaddling cloth. Anyone familiar with Tolkiens work will see where the inspiration for The Hobbit came from (although of course Bilbo was not asked to kill Smaug). Hardly had he heard an eagle flying down to him when a sword came out from the fish he was going to eat. On 26 August 1833 Basel was divided into two semi-cantons. Always hold the Nihont point uppermost to view inscriptions. Joyeuse: The Legendary Sword of Charlemagne The sword of Joyeuse, which today sits in the Louvre Museum, is one of the most famous swords in history. This katana is possessed by a spirit of an enemy of the Shinmei-Ryu swordsmen. While historians aren't entirely sure what language the letters on the sword represent, they are fairly certain that the letters are a short-form version of Latin, according to van Hasselt, who said that Latin was the "international language of choice" in 13th-century Europe. The total 350 known inscriptions in the Elder Futhark script[4] fall into two main geographical categories, North Germanic (Scandinavian, c. 267 items) and Continental or South Germanic ("German" and Gothic, c. 81 items). It was also a symbol of the Janissaries, who were the standing army of the Ottoman Empire. A similar ratio is estimated for Alemannia, with an estimated 170 excavated graves to every inscription found (Lthi 2004:323). This is a point to be kept in mind when discussing the question if Vlfberht blades or signatures may have been copied or falsified. Its sheath is also squared off, making it more of a long ceremonial knife than a sword. The Tizona sword was forged around 1002 and belonged to the legendary Castilian noble and fighter El Cid. When he was at work, his wife would cool him with a fan and wipe sweat from his body. The weapon is depicted on many flags and insignia as a scissor-like blade, but a more plausible variant is a simple scimitar that has its tip split into two pieces. Expensive anachronism that increased my overdraft. Geoffrey of Monmouth's work is the most well-known source from which modern retellings of the Arthurian tales stem. When depicted on flags and in artwork, Zulfiqar has a scissor-like blade instead of a single blade. What is Special About Yatagan Sword? - I bow to their wisdom. This legendry sword is still on display at the Montesiepi Chapel in Italy. San Martin is the most famous freedom fighter in South America who left the Spanish Royal Army and joined the guerilla wars of Independence in Argentina. St. Gallen, Kantonsbibliothek, Vadianische Sammlung. The serpent was returning to attack the last daughter. While its glory days are long forgotten, some swords found away of making themselves immortal, either because of the skill of their famous wielders or the myths that accompanied their kills. What do the symbols and inscriptions on medieval swords mean? King Arthur. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. To save the daughter, the God Susanoo made a plan to defeat the serpent and in return, asked for the daughters hand in marriage. Stalsberg (2008) explains the numerous misspellings in the inscriptions by the "use of illiterate slaves in the smithy". This legendary sword was said to have the power to cut through solid rock, similar to the Zulfiqar. Susano-o, seeking to redeem himself, agreed to kill the creature. Later, it was renamed the Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi, which well discuss momentarily. one Lt should have had point away from cats. Our final example is not an acronym, but a written word that is in turn associated with the God of the Bible. The guard has a round cross-section and the long blade is grooved on both sides. The sword looks fairly ordinary at first glance. NY 10036. The rare condition of the blade and the intricate nature of its design makes this sword one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the period. This double-blade sword was used by the Prophets cousin and son-in-law in many battles. Its legend can be drawn back to 802AD to the legendary blacksmith Galas, who allegedly took three years to forge the sword. Most history buffs and sword enthusiasts will know the legend of the sword in the stone, in which Arthur pulls Excalibur from a stone and becomes the king of Britain. In: Essays on the early Franks, ed. VLFBERH+T (4 to 6 examples), 4. There have been numerous tales of the wielders of the cursed Muramasa swords getting killed or going crazy. The inscription on the spearhead of Kovel, found in Ukraine (now lost) is a special case. Three things generally happen when you meet someone unlike yourself: Pte Pyle, you climb obstacles like old people ****! He was a knight previously from Castile, but his exemplary fighting skills saw him become an important part of King Ferdinand I of Spain's legacy. Later on, he presented these legendary swords to his sons-in-law. Ancient method of sword casting. The actual number was probably considerably higher, maybe close to 400,000 in total, so that on the order of 0.1% of the corpus has come down to us, and Fischer (2004:281) estimates a population of several hundred active literati throughout the period, with as many as 1,600 during the Alamannic "runic boom" of the 6th century. You have successfully joined our subscriber list. The letters were first gouged out with a graver, and then inlaid with iron. Famous Quiz inscription location Today's Top Quizzes in History Browse History hide this ad Today's Top Quizzes in Famous Browse Famous Top Contributed Quizzes in History 1 Find Five: 1940s Things 2 Find Five: 1930s Things 3 Find Five: 1920s Things 4 Find Five: 1910s Things 5 Find Five: 1900s Things 6 Nine Roman Remains 7 Wives of Henry VIII Blitz The sword is believed to have belonged to King Goujian, who ruled the Chinese state of Yue over 2500 years ago. Regardless of the time and place, swords of all styles have featured in battles, coronation ceremonies, and other significant events through the centuries. Famous swords throughout the Viking age. Especially the earliest inscriptions are found on all types of everyday objects. She passed it, along with the sacred mirror and jewel, to her grandson Ninigi-no-Mikoto. I also study various martial arts disciplines and have an interest in ancient mythologies. The Zulfiqars current location is kept a secret by the owners, but it is believed to have been blessed by the prophet Mohammed and the angel Michael to defend the famous Imam Ali Bin Talib. The weapon can be dated to between 1100-1150 and 1225 and is a typical example of a sword that was wielded with one hand. It is one of the legendary swords used by the British Monarch during the coronation. Your personal data will be used to support your experience throughout this website, to manage access to your account, and for other purposes described in our privacy policy. Historical records link the sword to Charlemagne the Great, King of the Franks, who reigned some 1,200 years ago. This 13th-century sword with a gold inscription was likely made in Germany, but was found at the bottom of the River Witham in 1825.
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