MIEE A summary of the pros and cons can be found below: These are just some of the reflective models that are available. For example, a few weeks later you may reflect on the times that you have asked for support as soon as you are not sure how to do something, and this behaviour has served you well and averted potential difficulties. Scientific research by Oelofsen, Somerville and Keeling shows that reflective practices at work advance the development of skills such as awareness and the ability to influence others. Working reflectively ensures that people gain insight into pratical events and how someones own approach and history has contributed to the way situations arose and how these were handled. If you are not used to being reflective it can be hard to know where to start the process. Moving forward, you commit to taking all training seriously and make meticulous notes that you can refer back to if needed. The personal questions help us to consider our feelings during the experience and the influencing factors that may have contributed to these emotions. Can a blog post written by an AI trick an AI? He thinks about how the child must have felt to not be involved in the same capacity as the other children and feels disappointed and guilty about his error. These insights fundamentally alter the practitioners ideas about inclusive practice going forward, thereby improving their future practice. The final model builds on the other three and adds more stages. What will change because of this experience? We will be examining the model thoroughly, including the advantages and disadvantages of the model, as well as some general knowledge about its creator. indicates the working of Johns' model: Aesthetics in the sense in which Johns is using it means questions raised in relation to one's sensory reactions, and the elements which influenced or provoked those. descriptive findings. Driscoll based his model of the 3 What's on the key questions asked by Terry Borton in the 1970s: By asking ourselves these three simple questions we can begin to analyse and learn from our experiences. This resulted in legal records not being maintained, which could potentially have resulted in wrong decisions being made (e.g. It may be useful to write notes to clarify one's memories. The framework that Johns developed consists of five cue questions that are subsequently divided into more detailed questions to advance reflection. What knowledge informed or might have informed me? Another simple model was developed by Driscoll in the mid-1990s. Critical analysis is mostly concerned with setting aside personal opinions and values when considering information or ideas. Gibbs reflective cycle builds on that of Kolbs and whilst it is slightly more complex, it is still a lot simpler than Johns model. (2007) Practicing Clinical Supervision: A Reflective Approach for Healthcare Professionals. a consideration in the individual of matters which are external to them as well as elements which are Inclusion The final stage asks us to think about the action we will take as a result of this reflection. Our academic writing and marking services can help you! another carer visits a client and gives an overdose because medical records were not up-to-date) or disciplinary action. We should then reflect on the experience by asking 'so what?' This example comes from, Advantages & Disadvantages of Schns theories, An Example of Schns Reflective Practice, Schon, Donald, The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. This model includes three phases of the experimental learning cycle. (Eds.). This example comes from the field of early years education. ALDCon The final stage asks us to think about the action we will take as a result of this reflection. How does this event compare with other similar ones? The ERA cycle (Jasper, 2013) is one of the most simplemodels of reflection and contains only three stages: The cycle shows that we will start with an experience, either something we have been through before or something completely new to us. Edinburgh: Elsevier. What were the consequences of my actions for the patient? A phrase that is congruent with this idea is thinking outside the box. Do you want unlimited ad-free access and templates? A more critical analytical approach, however, could demonstrate that there are several factors that influence the students inability to understand the subject. Do you find models in general helpful or are they too restrictive? Based on theories about how people learn, this modelcentreson the concept of developing understanding through actual experiences and contains four key stages: The model argues that we start with an experience - either a repeat of something that has happened before or something completely new to us. This stage involves experiencing something new or unusual. This gives us a clear idea of what we are dealing with. At this stage, learners start to draw conclusions based on their observations. Another advantage is that it annexes descriptions into a single section. Examples of each of these ideas can be found below. Pros and cons of reflective practice models A word of caution about models of reflective practice (or any other model). Why am I doing it? The next step involves evaluating the experience - what was good or bad about it from our point of view? What internal factors influenced my decision making during the experience? Having given Gibbs some form of an introduction, this section briefly lists the issues: These points demonstrate many of the weaknesses associated with Gibbs Reflective Cycle. This describes the experience of a nurse working in a corporate occupational health department when an employee refers themselves after having taken drugs. Nursing Inquiry, 6(4), 241-249, Johns, C. (2009). Johns' Model Christopher Johns designed his model for structured reflection(Johns 2006) through analysing the dialogue between practitioners and their supervisors (guides) who worked with them throughout the learning experience. Take note of issues arising from - what did we learn as a result of the experience? They can be a really good starting point for those new to reflection and they can also be done quickly, which is useful in many situations. His interests and publications focused on such areas as experiential learning, and executive and professional development. Gibbs model (1988) was intended as a 'de-briefing sequence' (p 46 . . acting on you from outside. In this webinar, I cover two useful reflective models: Johns (2006) and Driscoll (2007). However, you can not remember how to clock in and clock out of the visit and so do not log your visit. Beginning Reflective Practice. The model was originally developed for the nursing sector at the Burford Nursing Development Unit, in the early nineties. The rigid structure serves some students well, setting out how their essays should look. It also has a lot of emphasis on self-awareness and open-mindedness that can help us to challenge our innate or longstanding prejudices that may influence our practice. Try us for free and get unlimited access to 1.000+ articles! Another example, Johns' model (2006), encourages reflexivity but can be prescriptive and so restrict the ability to allow individual values, priorities and evaluations to be examined critically (Quinn, . - what did we learn as a result of the experience? since 2003, Your NursingAnswers.net purchase is secure and we're rated Borton, T. (1970) Reach, Touch and Teach. 22, 2, 226-234 Johns Model of reflection the Gibbs Reflective or John Driscoll Model of Reflection. Driscoll, J. How am I feeling? In 1963, he published his book Displacement of Concepts, followed by Technology and Change: The New Heraclitus in 1967. He is perhaps most well-known for his work in, The following example illustrates how Schns ideas about reflection work in practice. It is one of the more complex models of reflection but it may be that you find having multiple stages of the process to guide you reassuring. It is very detailed and the questions help to develop a holistic viewpoint of the situation which facilitates deeper thinking, It considers the viewpoints of others and the influence of values and ethics, which s not present in other models, Johns has produced a lot of literature in relation to reflective practice, so it is underpinned by a lot of theory, Johns has tested and validated his model in practice, The detail of the model and the volume of associated literature mean that the model can be quite complex and require a lot of time and effort to understand and use, The complexity can also make the model appear to be very prescriptive and lack flexibility, Unlike other models, Johns MSR does not explicitly connect our learning to the creation of an action plan, Reflective observation reflecting on the experience, Abstract conceptualization new insights and perspectives gained, Active experimentation putting the new learning into practice, The nurses lack of knowledge in relation to substance use and reactions to drug-taking, Nurse disapproved of drug-taking but had empathy towards patient and so took a critical mother approach to the interaction, Nurse felt an element of anxiety/panic during the experience, The dilemma between the confidentiality of the patient and the responsibility to report substance use to the employer, Guilt following the employee losing their job, The nurse feels they should learn more about substance abuse, The nurse feels that they behaved appropriately during the experience but still feels a sense of guilt about the employee being sacked, The nurse considers approaching the vice-president to ask for the employee to be reinstated to help with their guilt, The nurse recognises that they have not yet approached the vice-president through a lack of assertiveness and wanting to avoid conflict this consequently made them feel angry and frustrated, The nurse will use this experience to improve their practice as well as supporting other team members that may have similar experiences, Carper, B. Modified from original guide available at Cambridge University Libraries. Once something has been experienced we will start to reflect on what happened. Your email address will not be published. The aesthetic questions are concerned with what happened during the experience and what were the consequences. Using this information, you begin to build up a picture of what went wrong. Kolbs experiential learning cycle is a simple process that be easily grasped and put into practice. He also studied music at the Sorbonne in Paris. This model is similar to one used by small children when learning basic concepts such as hot and cold. In some instances, a teacher may begin with abstract conceptualisation, explaining a theory before testing it out to prove it. Firstly we should describe what the situation or experience was to set it in context. These models provide a useful guide or place to start but reflection is a very personal process and everyone will work towards it in a different way. - Dr Lee Fallin, Lens of their own autobiography as teachers and learners. All work is written to order. This action will result in another experience and the cycle will continue. Reflection results in learning. Because reflective practice is cyclical, you should continuously reflect on the actions that you have put in place. He recognises that his thoughts regarding inclusion are that all children are able to participate in some capacity. John Wiley & Sons. After time in the army, Schn joined the Institute for Applied Technology in the National Bureau of Standards as a director. Therefore it is useful to have an understanding of Carpers work. This gives us a clear idea of what we are dealing with. Following the visit, you reflect upon what you did. And when you allow your findings to inform your future behaviour, you are consolidating your learning as you complete and/or renew the cycle. analysed. The important part is that it works - if it doesn't then you may need to move on and try something else. It is one of the more complex models of reflection but it may be that you find having multiple stages of the process to guide you reassuring. Can a blog post written by an AI trick an AI? If you are familiar with other models of reflection, you will know that reflective practice is often described as a deliberate process to be performed following an event or situation to extract meaning and learn from the experience. What essential factors contributed to this experience? Like the Gibbs and Rolfe models, Christopher Johns' work on reflective practice was originally developed The model can help to reflect on and analyse complex decision making but can also be useful in learning to critically reflect. How to cite this article: Based on a literature review of pre-existing models, Atkins and Murphys framework for critical reflection provides a more detailed examination of the reflective practice cycle. In addition, you make the decision that whenever you are unsure about something, you will contact your manager for guidance and support straight away. Reflective practice involves throwing back thoughts and memories and cognitive actions such as contemplation, thinking, viewing past experiences objectively, empathy, valuing past strengths and weakness are involved. What significant background factors belong to this experience? What were the consequences of my actions for me? My favourites right now are: Rolfe et als (2001) framework focuses on three questions: While this may seem simpler than Gibbs, I feel it allows more flexibility and adaptation. Journal of Advanced Nursing. David Kolb developed a model of reflection, which he calls Reflective Practice. The team? This learning style is essential to gain control over ones own development. A word of caution about models of reflective practice (or any other model). In the early 1970s, Kolb worked with Ron Fry to develop the Experiential Learning Model (ELM). Different people will be drawn to different models depending on their own preferences. Relevant questions to ask may include: The contextual element of the model asks you to consider if there were environmental or other factors Gibbs, G. (1998) Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. They argue that many businesspeople learn in what is a single-loop process. He viewed this model as an essential part of the process of structured reflection. SRHE Janse, B. reflected upon. What they said 540 GPs and 460 GPSTs 83% prefer verbal reflection with colleagues to written reflection 70% agree: time consuming, box ticking, distracts The model was inspired by the research Johns conducted in which he observed the dialogue between practitioners of a profession and their supervisors. Career So, you change you decide to change the behaviour to taking rough notes of only the most important information. You will notice many common themes in these models and any others that you come across. The aim of such reflective thinking is to identify what went well so that you can keep doing it and what hasnt worked well so you can change it. in this usage meaning being based on evidence, observation, and experimentation. Reflection is a tool that is commonly used as part of student nurse education and in clinical practice, and is often supported by the use of reflective models. through the reflective cycle has generated evidence based upon your observations, and that leads you to In that case, they could first prepare themselves by reading up on the game, then engage in the actual game, exploring what happens during the game, and finally integrating what they have learned, reflecting on how things went for them so that they can make any necessary changes for their next game. Another simple model was developed by Driscoll in the mid-1990s. It can also include, specific knowledge about the particular situation, such as the needs and preferences of the patient or client. However, the Johns Model of Reflection was soon adopted in several other sectors as well. Schns Model of Reflection explores the importance of reflection during an experience (Reflection in Action) as well as reflection following an experience (Reflection on Action). Relevant questions to ask here include: Some versions of Johns' model refer to this section as asking empirical questions; the word 'empirical' learning development Although they can be a great way to start thinking about reflection,remember that all models have their downsides. The main difference is the number of steps included and how in-depth their creators have chosen to be. John Driscoll created the model while keeping clinical practice situations in mind. This process of drawing conclusions from an experience is abstract conceptualisation. and those emotions and other thoughts which have been provoked since. Depending on the situation and context in which this tool can be used, certain questions may be more or less relevant. Learning objectives for this chapter By the end of this chapter, we would like you to: We might look at how we feel now and what we might do differently if a similar situation in the future. in a nursing context, but has since become widely applied across a variety of disciplines, including Step 2: Focus on concrete experience, which deals with the sense of experience and feeling. notes This is one of the simplest models used to remember in any nursing practice. situation, paying attention to the emotions conjured up in the moment of the event being reflected upon, Kolb's model (1984)takes things a step further. In these institutions, reflective working is very important for various reasons. You undergo training on the software and then come to use it during a client visit. The Reflective Cycle determines paragraphs - Most implementations of Gibbs' model force students into a single paragraph per stage of the model. Along with the four variations of knowing implemented by Carper in the Knowledge Pattern (empirical knowledge, personal knowledge, ethical knowledge, and aesthetic knowledge), Johns added another domain, which he termed reflexivity or knowledge obtained from past experience. This helps to properly understand the issue and to investigate personal values, assumptions and ideas. You may also reflect on your commitment to making detailed notes during training, but found that by constantly writing, you were always behind and sometimes missed part of the training. By making access to scientific knowledge simple and affordable, self-development becomes attainable for everyone, including you! It then encourages us to focus on ourfeelings about the experience, both during it an after. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. The three questions lead writers to consider a combination of description, links to theory and actions to take forward. 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