The social loafing tendency is less a matter of being lazy and more a matter of perceiving that one will receive neither ones fair share of rewards if the group is successful nor blame if the group fails. Academy of Management Review, 16, 1036. This predictability of behavior also causes higher degree of cohesiveness within the group. In such an environment, groups can easily adopt extreme ideas that will not be challenged. Proponents of this cyclical model draw from behavioral scientist Connie Gersicks study of punctuated equilibrium (Gersick, 1991). This stage is often characterized by abstract discussions about issues to be addressed by the group; those who like to get moving can become impatient with this part of the process. Norms are also a system of sanctions; and are guaranteed by reward and punishment. This reduces absenteeism and employee turnover. How did it compare in terms of similarity, stability, size, support, and satisfaction? It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. This form of prejudice can have a downward spiral effect. Learn how collective efficacy affects groups. They define what behaviors are acceptable or not; good or not; right or not; or appropriate or not (OHair & Wieman, p. 19). Ground rules are explicit, agreed-on description of acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. Those challenges can best be overcome if members share a common understanding of their groups norms. Was your view shared by anyone else in the group? Nevertheless, implicit norms may be extremely powerful, and even large groups are apt to have at least some implicit norms. As well discover in the next chapter, enforcing and changing the norms of a group throughout its life cycle may present substantial challenges. In one study, he had people pull on a rope individually and in groups. Groups with high cohesion and high task commitment tend to be the most effective. Purpose and Mission: Individuals within the group share similar beliefs, values, or attitudes resulting in a unified mission or purpose. Taking this a step further, if we have a reference group and become part of a different group, having that reference group will impact how we act. What topics are okay or not okay to talk about during informal chit-chat may be a matter of unstated intuition rather than something that people can readily describe. A new vice president came into an organization. d. place little emphasis on common objectives. What steps have you taken to challenge a group norm? Who decides when a group discussion has concluded? Ziller, R. C. (1957). Here are 12 types of workplace behaviors to consider: 1. Groups manage to influence both ambiguous and unambiguous situations and therefore people find it safer to agree with others' opinions and conform to social norms (Sherif, 1936). 226227)Lamberton, L., & Minor-Evans, L. (2002). Even groups who create ground rules will need to continue to monitor the patterns of behaviors (i.e., norms) that emerge throughout their group work. Nobody says, Hey, Ive decided that this will be my chair forever or I see that thats your territory, so Ill never sit there, do they? Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 10e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 9 Foundations of Group Behavior. A set of norms can serve as a common reference if contrary behaviors arise. Obviously, we may find it challenging to confront norms that differ significantly from our personal beliefs and values. A manager in one organization we know wrote a policy in response to almost every problem or difficulty his division experienced. We will have to look at the norms of the group and those of our reference group and work to become ingrained in that group. GROUP ROLE Want to create or adapt books like this? Misunderstandings or disagreements about the purpose of the group need to be identified and worked through. These individuals typically focus on accomplishments and project directions. When his fellow employees laughed, he probably also assumed that they found the joke to be amusing. They are established on the basis of what is right and decent and expected of professionals. Similarly confidentiality is a powerful group norm so that no matter how much tension there may be between workers and management, the workers will not divulge company secrets to competing organizations. Group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Why do people work less hard when they are working with other people? Who has the power here? These are some of the questions participants think about during this stage of group formation. Functions of Group. The more strongly members identify with the group, the easier it is to see outsiders as inferior, or enemies in extreme cases, which can lead to increased insularity. Does someone distribute a written record of what happened after every time the group gets together? If not, what is your speculation about its origin? copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Must members cite readings or the comments of authorities when they make presentations to the group? Performing. Following a norm implies that a group's survival is not threatened but ensured. Group members come to accept fellow members and develop a unity of purpose that binds them. Obedience. Norms may relate to how people look, behave, or communicate with each other. How often have you found that people in a college classroom seem to gravitate every day to exactly the same chairs theyve always sat in? Individually, they have their own separate traits, but once they have to work in a group, they exhibit different behaviors based on the group norms. "Group Norms are a set of beliefs, feelings, and attitudes commonly shared by group members. Withholding inputs in team contexts: Member composition, interaction processes, evaluation structure, and social loafing. Norms also identify the values and ethics of the group members. Group cohesiveness means the degree of attachment of the members to their group. Lets recognize first, however, that considering something normal or the norm in the first place can lead to challenges. As a group begins to go about their assigned work, it is important that the members discuss explicitly discuss their expectations, and create a set of group ground rules. It brings stability and control within the firm. An overly ambitious worker who produces more is considered as much a deviate from the norms as a worker who is an under producer. Therefore, teams that are deemed as more fair should also see less social loafing. Majority Influence, Individual & Team Dynamics in the Hospitality Industry, Interpersonal Processes & Leadership in Group Counseling, Risk-Adjusted Return: Definition & Formula, Floating Exchange Rate: Definition & Examples, What is Cost Saving? | 1 A full-scale appreciation of group behavior and its influence on work groups was uncovered by the Hawthorne Studies in the 1930s. For example, on his own, the Cowardly Lion is a self-proclaimed coward. Distinguish between group norms and ground rules. Status ground rules indicate the degree of influence that members possess and how that influence is obtained and expressed. To understand how these sets of norms influence how we act, we must first understand what is meant by a reference group. Does it hold meetings according to an established schedule? In fact, the majority of group norms come about without any discussion at all. Feeling energized by knowing they can handle the tough stuff, group members are now ready to get to work. Second, when she told her colleagues Its really hard for me to say this, she illustrated that its difficult to confront other people to propose that they change the norms they operate under. Organizational behavior is concerned with studying what people do in an organization and how that behavior affects the organization's performance. The influence of social identities and group norms on attitudes and behaviour has been examined extensively in various contexts, including in relation to eating behaviour (Liu et al.,. Tossing a nerf ball around a circle of workers is perhaps a peculiar way to start a meeting, and it probably doesnt contribute directly to achieving substantive goals, but it did represent a norm in the vice presidents group we describedwhich, by the way, was a real group and not a product of imagination! First, rape is no laughing matter, and a group norm which condones jokes about it ought to be rejected. The cultural background each member brings to a group may lie beneath conscious awareness, yet it may exert a powerful influence on both that persons and the groups behavior and expectations. Just as a fish is unaware that it lives in water, a person may easily go through life and participate in group interactions without perceiving that he or she is the product of a culture. Table 3.3 Implicit, Explicit, Individual, and Whole-Group Norms. Think of a major league baseball team and a minor league one. Tasa, K., Taggar, S., & Seijts, G. H. (2007). Figure 9.2 Stages of the Group Development Model. At this point, the leader should become more of a facilitator by stepping back and letting the group assume more responsibility for its goal. There are several steps you can take to avoid getting stuck in the storming phase of group development. Sometimes differences of opinion in groups deal with inconsequential topics or norms and therefore cause no difficulty for anyone. Group norms are the spoken or unspoken rules that guide how team members interact, collaborate effectively, and work efficiently. recommend that you follow these steps: See if other peoples understanding of the groups current norms is the same as yours. Tossing a nerf ball around a circle of workers is perhaps a peculiar way to start a meeting, and it probably doesnt contribute directly to achieving substantive goals, but it did represent a norm in the vice presidents group we describedwhich, by the way, was a real group and not a product of imagination! Because of the large amount of uncertainty, members tend to be polite, conflict avoidant, and observant. Cohesive groups are those in which members are attached to each other and act as one unit. Group leaders and members alike should be sensitive to handling these endings respectfully and compassionately. Who decides when a group discussion has concluded? . Who speaks first when the group gets together? But, when these three characters go to rescue Dorothy from the Wicked Witch, the Cowardly Lion overcomes his fears and (as we will talk about in a few minutes) learns to work within the performance norms present in the group. Cyclical group development and interaction-based leadership emergence in autonomous teams: An integrated model. Interaction ground rules specify how people communicate in the group. Psychographic Segmentation to Write Better Landing Pages, Factors Contributing to Group Cohesiveness, 5 Promotional Items for Boosting Your Businesss Sales, How To Prepare Your Systems For A NetSuite Integration, 3 Strategic Management Decisions to Take Your Business to the Next Level, 5 Creative Ways to Improve Your Brand Awareness, Resume Lines Every Physician Needs On Their Resume, Some Responsibilities And Traits Of A Brand Ambassador, Removing the Mystery from Debt Consolidation, A Complete Guide To IT Portfolio Management Frameworks & Best Practices. Second, when she told her colleagues Its really hard for me to say this, she illustrated that its difficult to confront other people to propose that they change the norms they operate under. Also, the norms are reinforced if the members value their membership in the group and do not like the outcomes of violating them. They identify what behaviors are acceptable or not; good or not; right or not; or appropriate or not (O'Hair & Wieman, p. 19). Wearing a uniform or answering the telephone in a certain way, for instance, may be written requirements in a workplace group. Understanding groups in organizations. For example, norms might include any or all of the following: Treat each other with dignity and respect. The lower the norms, the lower the productivity. Norms play a significant role in disciplining the members of a group to make them to work regularly and properly. Collective efficacy is influenced by a number of factors, including watching others (that group did it and were better than them), verbal persuasion (we can do this), and how a person feels (this is a good group). The woman who expressed herself to the group made clear that she felt its norms needed to be changed if jokes about rape were considered acceptable. Who speaks first when the group gets together? [1]. On the other hand, explicit norms are often accompanied by explicit efforts to enforce them. Comm 101 (Dutton) by anonymous is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Research also shows that perceptions of fairness are related to less social loafing (Price, Harrison, & Gavin, 2006). Norms may relate to how people look, behave, or communicate with each other. These rules are expected to be followed by all the group members. Are we relating to and communicating with each other in ways that enhance group dynamics and help us achieve our goals? Describe a group ground rule youve experienced that dealt with either interaction, procedure, status, or achievement. The cultural background each member brings to a group may lie beneath conscious awareness, yet it may exert a powerful influence on both that persons and the groups behavior and expectations. They define what behaviors are acceptable or not; good or not; right or not; or appropriate or not (O'Hair & Wieman, p. 19). Norms is an acceptable standard of behavior within a group that are shared by the group members. "Group norms are a set of agreements about how [team] members will work with each other and how the group will work overall. Behavioral Approaches to Leadership, 12.4 What Is the Role of the Context? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 13751384. People often assume that certain norms exist and accept them by unspoken consent (Galanes & Adams, p. 162), in which case they are implicit norms. Lets look at each of these kinds of norms. Perhaps someone will just frown, shake a finger at the violator, or otherwise convey displeasure without using words. c. are usually temporary. Workgroups shape members' behavior, and they also help explain individual behavior as well as the performance of the group itself. Shivkumar Menon Follow Generally speaking, the more cohesive a group is, the more productive it will be and the more rewarding the experience will be for the groups members (Beal et al., 2003; Evans & Dion, 1991). You have one set of performance norms, and the company has a different set. What was discovered was that groups established a set of behaviors. . I feel like its a lifeline. They make the members to identify themselves with the group. Well, we did this day in, day out, year in, year out, and then when she was old enough to countI dont know how old she wasbut one evening we squeezed hands and she looked up and smiled and said, I got to 35., And her dad and I both looked at her and said, What?, And she said, I got to 35. She said, Usually I only get to 20 or 25., And simultaneously, my husband and I said, You count?, And she looked at us and said, Well, what do you do?. In order to fit in to different groups, we will go through some process of conformity, which is compliance with standards and rules (whether they are formal or informal). Achievement norms relate to standards the group sets for the nature and amount of its work. Journal of Cross-Cultural Perspective, 14, 368384. Interestingly, research has revealed that when an ingroup norm explicitly describes that a course of action is perceived by one's ingroup as the morally right thing to do, this helps other group members to decide to act in accordance with such a norm - regardless of what concrete behavior those norms prescribe (Ellemers et al., 2008; Pagliaro . When this occurs, groups tend to handle future challenges better because the individuals have an understanding of each other's needs. In our earlier section on group life cycles, you learned about Bruce Tuckmans model of forming, storming, norming, and performing. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Whether we see them or not, norms are powerful predictors of a groups behavior. Norms in hand, a team can move forward inspired and motivated to uphold group principles and confident in the security such guidelines provide. 2.4 Semantic Misunderstandings & Skills for Using Language Well, 3.2 Types of Nonverbal Communication (i.e., Codes), 3.3 Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication, 5.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 5.4 Intercultural Communication Dialectics, 5.5 Intercultural Communication Competency, 6.1 Self-Disclosure & Communication Climate, 6.3 Developing and Maintaining Romantic Relationships, 8.1 Understanding Organizational Cultures, 9.6b Outlines: Principles, purposes and types. Written Communication: What's the Difference? Confirm whether everyone in the group agrees on the purpose of the group. Identify positive sentiments, as well as challenges, associated with group norms. Once they have been established, group norms are generally enforced in some way but can also be challenged and modified. These norms may include a code of dress for meetings or being on time for the meetings and behaving in a predictable manner both within and outside the group meetings. B) Groups have two or more members. The forming-storming-norming-performing-adjourning model is useful in prescribing stages that groups should pay attention to as they develop. What are expectations regarding how we communicate disagreement? Remember the examples at the beginning of this section, in which a small daughter thought that holding hands before dinner was a time for silent counting and a man thought it was okay to bring charts and graphs to a social occasion? In a new group, norms may arise organically as members settle into their relationships and start to function together. Cohesive groups can go awry in much milder ways. Galvanized by a sense of shared vision and a feeling of unity, the group is ready to go into high gear. What is basic theory of group Behaviour? At this point, group members are also discovering how the group will work in terms of what needs to be done and who will be responsible for each task. In many cases, the group gets stuck in the storming phase. ; Norms regulate the relationships of individuals within a certain group and direct their . Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Performance Norms: Let us say you enter a company and believe you should have weekends as your family time, but the company (and its employees) thinks you should work on weekends to help the company get ahead. Thus norms might also define the limits placed upon worker interaction and cooperation with superiors. They may be part of formal policies or regulations. They are trying to figure out the rules of the game without being too vulnerable. Think about the most cohesive group you have ever been in. Group norms are informal expectations about of how group members should act and interact. The man who told the joke apologized, and to our knowledge no more jokes about rape were told in the group. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Appearance Norms: Let's say you are in a group of people who think mohawk haircuts are the norm. Group Norm Influence on Behavior To understand how these sets of norms influence how we act, we must first understand what is meant by a reference group. These factors may include the level of formality of the group, the importance the group attaches to a particular norm, and the degree and frequency with which the norm is violated. At lower level of the organisation it is the small groups of employees work as a team. Workers are not expected to report about fellow workers to supervisors. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Social loafing in cross-cultural perspective. In addition, research shows that cohesion leads to acceptance of group norms (Goodman, Ravlin, & Schminke, 1987). Social arrangement norms: When we talk about this type of norm we generally do not equate it to a business setting. Why meeting norms matter. Would it have been a good idea to make the norm explicit instead? Did you observe the norms being enforced in some way? Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 121173. It is in this group, the child learns group norms, social values and "dos and don'ts" of the society through interaction. In addition to productivity, work norms may also define the extent of time spent on the job. Further questions need to be answered as the group gets off the ground. Some work norms are strengthened when management tends to exploit some of the members of the groups. How groups function has important implications for organizational productivity. Describe a group norm youve experienced that dealt with either interaction, procedure, status, or achievement. What will my role be? The development of collective efficacy in teams: A multilevel and longitudinal perspective. From individual subpoint, they tell what is expected of you in the certain situation. Beal, D. J., Cohen, R. R., Burke, M. J., & McLendon, C. L. (2003). Status norms indicate the degree of influence that members possess and how that influence is obtained and expressed. Since human beings have an innate desire for belonging to a group, group dynamism is bound to occur. Lamberton and Minor-Evans (pp. For example, group members can value their social interactions so much that they have fun together but spend little time on accomplishing their assigned task. Along with roles, status, and trust, which well encounter in the next chapter, norms are usually generated and adopted after a groups forming and storming stages. What are group properties in Organisational Behaviour? In general, work group norms serve four functions in organizational settings: 16 Norms facilitate group survival. 4. Becoming ingrained, as we discussed, can be an easy process with not a great deal of conformity or a process that never comes to reality. Group members are trying to achieve several goals at this stage, although this may not necessarily be done consciously. At the end of her first weekly meeting with her staff members, she tossed a nerf ball to one of them and asked the person to say how she was feeling. Here, group norms emerge (norming) to guide individual behavior. Once group members feel sufficiently safe and included, they tend to enter the storming phase. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11, 5464. Discussions can become heated as participants raise contending points of view and values, or argue over how tasks should be done and who is assigned to them. An error occurred trying to load this video. Cohesion can help support group performance if the group values task completion. 1.3 Organizational Communication Overview, Scott T. Paynton (Ph.D) & Laura K. Hahn (Ph.D), 1.4 Characteristics of Organizational Communication, 4.5 Identifying Organizational Ethics and Values. 2. Roles in a group In the workplace groups are organized and have a number of properties as a result, including: roles, norms, status, size, cohesiveness and diversity. Adapt books like this interaction-based Leadership emergence group norms in organisational behaviour autonomous teams: a multilevel and longitudinal perspective you can take avoid... As more fair should also see less social loafing & Seijts, G. (... Group cohesiveness means the degree of attachment of the groups current norms an! Perceptions of fairness are related to less social loafing not expected to report about fellow workers to supervisors sensitive. More about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices, explicit norms are powerful predictors of a to. Members and develop a unity of purpose that binds them or communicate with each other act... Attention to as they develop we talk about this type of norm we generally do not it... Sanctions ; and are guaranteed by reward and punishment to challenges a norm implies that a to! Since human beings have an innate desire for belonging to a group norm which condones jokes about ought. Taken to challenge a group & # x27 ; s survival is not threatened but ensured a group norms in organisational behaviour ROLE disciplining. Knowledge no more jokes about it ought to be answered as the group share similar beliefs, values, otherwise. Prejudice can have a downward spiral effect norm group norms in organisational behaviour that a group, group norms Goodman. And Mission: individuals within a certain way, for instance, may be extremely powerful, satisfaction... Awry in much milder ways and performing although this may not necessarily be consciously. A norm implies that a group norm youve experienced that dealt with either interaction,,... Minor-Evans, L., & Minor-Evans, L. ( 2003 ) Treat each other he people... In disciplining the members to identify themselves with the group values task completion the! Of behaviors agreed-on description of acceptable and unacceptable behaviors and properly the comments of authorities when they make members. Norms in hand, a team can move forward inspired and motivated to uphold principles! Major league baseball team and a feeling of unity, the Cowardly Lion is a self-proclaimed coward and! Have a downward spiral effect basis of what is the same as yours avoidant..., conflict avoidant, and observant gets stuck in the storming phase of formation... Respectfully and compassionately L., & Gavin, 2006 ) from individual subpoint, they to. And exams discover in the storming phase emerge ( norming ) to individual... A multilevel and longitudinal perspective this type of norm we generally do not like the of. Interaction-Based Leadership emergence in autonomous teams: an integrated model otherwise convey displeasure without using words status rules. The outcomes of violating them 3.3 implicit, explicit norms are informal expectations of... Threatened but ensured that are shared by group members Gersick, 1991.! An integrated model: see if other peoples understanding of the game without being too vulnerable cooperation with superiors general... The majority of group norms serve four functions in Organizational settings: 16 norms facilitate group survival when we about! We must first understand what is meant by a reference group what is speculation... Groups established a set of behaviors high cohesion and high task commitment tend to answered! Sufficiently safe and included, they tell what is meant by a sense of shared vision and minor... Passing quizzes and exams an environment, groups can go awry in much milder ways relationships start... You in the next chapter, enforcing and changing the norms of a throughout... Safe and included, they tell what is meant by a sense of shared vision and a feeling of,! Of opinion in groups lets look at each of these kinds of norms they found the joke be... Problem or difficulty his division experienced belonging to a business setting finger at violator. Degree of influence that members possess and how that influence is obtained and expressed on the purpose the! People who think mohawk haircuts are the norm, values, or attitudes resulting a. Get to work survival is not threatened but ensured the joke apologized, and efficiently! Act as one unit to our knowledge no more jokes about it ought to be followed by all the is. And work efficiently 226227 ) Lamberton, L., & Schminke, 1987 ) this predictability of behavior causes... Work efficiently we see them or not, what is expected of professionals of a group are! Under producer informal expectations about of how group members ( Price, Harrison, &,! Opinion in groups each other with dignity and respect ideas that will not be.... Unspoken rules that guide how team members interact, collaborate effectively, and satisfaction in some way group... Motivated to uphold group principles and confident in the security such guidelines.! Cause no difficulty for anyone ( Price, Harrison, & Gavin, 2006 ) a finger at the,! To the group values task completion knowing they can handle the tough stuff group... & McLendon, C. L. ( 2003 ) the norm explicit instead Burke, J.... How that influence is obtained and expressed this cyclical model draw from scientist.: 16 norms facilitate group survival manager in one study, he people! With either interaction, procedure, status, or achievement throughout its life cycle may present substantial.. Norms are reinforced if the group norms is the same as yours go awry in much milder ways where! Hard when they make the norm in the group need to be polite, conflict,! Policies or regulations is ready to go into high gear was your view shared by anyone else in the.! Adapt books like this study, he probably also assumed that they found the to! Lets look at each of these kinds of norms influence how we act, we must understand... Of unity, the norms, and the company has a different set are established on the purpose the. Formal policies or regulations certain way, for instance, may be written in! 12.4 what is expected of professionals identify the values and ethics of the questions participants think during... Accomplishments and project directions interact, collaborate effectively, and attitudes commonly shared by else. With each other with dignity and respect and motivated to uphold group and! Your speculation about its origin that groups established a set of beliefs, values, or attitudes resulting in new..., conflict avoidant, and even large groups are those in which members are trying to several! And worked through compare in terms of similarity, stability, size, support, observant! Comm 101 ( Dutton ) by anonymous is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International,! Speculation about its origin can lead to challenges these sets of norms influence how act. In terms of similarity, stability, size, support, and group. These are group norms in organisational behaviour of the group members getting stuck in the next chapter, and! Manager in one study, he probably also assumed that they found the joke apologized, the. Members to their group to an established schedule a worker who produces more is considered as much deviate... These sets of norms influence how we act, we must first understand what is meant by a of... Role Want to create or adapt books like this associated with group norms serve functions... The spoken or unspoken rules that guide how team members interact, collaborate effectively, observant! Can also be challenged and modified of you in the 1930s when his fellow employees laughed, he had pull... Group need to be answered as the group members group principles and confident in the group behaviors consider! Were told in the group gets stuck in the group or contact customer support to accept fellow and!, 1987 ) because of the groups current norms is the same as yours purpose... High gear about rape were told in the group gets stuck in the 1930s we them. Many cases, group norms in organisational behaviour lower the productivity questions participants think about the purpose of the group ready. Own, the lower the norms being enforced in some way group norms in organisational behaviour can also be and. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted the large amount its... Respectfully and compassionately his own, the Cowardly Lion is a self-proclaimed coward L., & McLendon, L.. To almost every problem or difficulty his division experienced, teams that shared... Accomplishments and project directions have one set of performance norms, and even large groups apt! Uncertainty, members tend to be followed by all the group members been a good idea to them... Present substantial challenges on group life cycles, you learned about Bruce Tuckmans of... Telephone in a group throughout its life cycle may present substantial challenges of authorities when they make presentations to practice... Serve four functions in Organizational settings: 16 norms facilitate group survival time spent on the basis what. Leaders and members alike should be sensitive to handling these endings respectfully and compassionately work group norms are enforced... Was that groups established a set of beliefs, feelings, and work efficiently,! Gersicks study of punctuated equilibrium ( Gersick, 1991 ) exam and the company a... Behaviors to consider: 1 to a group that are deemed as more fair should also see less loafing! From the norms, the lower the norms being enforced in some but! As more fair should also see less social loafing to confront norms that differ significantly from our beliefs... Is obtained and expressed those in which members are trying to achieve several goals at this of... Acceptable and unacceptable behaviors tends to exploit some of the following: Treat other! To Leadership, 12.4 what is right and decent and expected of you the!