However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. Contact our London head office or media team here. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. What is happening in Lagos should not be different. Using satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. This situation affects the fish survival and population. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. This situation had led to the loss of many species. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. Apart from the risk of flooding that it portends, the activity has greatly aggravated the predicament of many residents in some of the affected areas. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. 5 Princes Gate Court, The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. Backing the argument of Nwilo, a former Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan, Adetoye Faniran, viewed the matter in a way that seems supernatural. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. This area was also dredged and converted to terrestrial surface in the early 1980s (Figure 3). He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. This is the reclamation of a river for the purpose of constructing roads, residential quarters and industries [4]. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. The government insisted that illegal proliferation of dredging and reclamation practices had occasioned serious distortion in the aesthetics of the shoreline with high potential for causing environmental degradation capable of producing dire consequences if unchecked. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. How? The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. Therefore with the enormous power conferred on the governments in each state, they can easily acquire or seize land in the name of public good and repossess it as private property for their personal aggrandizement. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. On its right is the. Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Others include the ongoing construction on the sand-filled former marshy area, renamed Golden View Estate, Ejigbo, along Ejigbo/Ikotun road by Cele-Egbe Bridge, the 100-hectare Gracefield Island to accommodate over 10,000 residents in Lagos Lagoon, the controversial 45-hectare Apple Island project, as well as reclamation activities in Lekki and Ajah areas. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. 08 February 2021 | This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. The white patches sum up to give a total of 4.2 million m2 of mangroves removed in 1984. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. 1 However, this right to own immovable property like every other right is not absolute but subject to certain qualifications. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. . It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. A wet land can be filled with cement or can also be filled with large rocks. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. 1. This is because of the rising spate of sand mining activities that had taken over most coastal areas. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. People participation is very important in landscape reclamation because it would provide a consensus view on land use to the host community [19]. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. Ben Ayade for allowing a level playing field at the Cross River North senatorial election of Feb. 25. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. Licensee IntechOpen. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Dredged and sand filled areas in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. Source: UN Cartographic Section : Cities and Towns in Nigeria The map shows the location of following Nigerian Cities and Towns: Nigeria's largest cities (population figures are estimated): Lagos (21 million), Kano (2.5 - 3 million), Ibadan (3.2 million), Abuja Other Cities and Towns in Nigeria: An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. After this has been done, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is required. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. This results to the killing of a large number of organisms such as sessile animals, for example anemones, mussels and barnacles that attach to rocks. Landscape reclamation is. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea; towns to use as examples should be those close to riverine areas in the country. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Ilubirin is also a new one which has been viewed as a viable project that is being undertaken by the Lagos State Ministry of Housing and First Investment Development Company, and it is estimated to gulp about $500million (N200 billion). Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. The Great Wall of Lagos will ensure that everyone living and working within the 10 square kilometres (6.2 miles) of reclaimed land for Eko Atlantic and the population of Victoria Island are protected from the sea, Frame assured. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. You have entered an incorrect email address! But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. 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