After completion, the sides of the containment (tarpaulins and framing) are dismantled so that the structure can be moved forward to the next section of the bridge to be worked on. Hughes, R.T., and Amendola, A.A. 1982. Legionnaire's Disease, see OSHA's Safety and Health Topics Page for updated information. The following engineering controls apply: Portable local exhaust ventilation should be used to remove lead dust and particulates from localized areas. /BleedBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Steel Structures Painting Council, Lead Paint Removal From Industrial Structures: Meeting the Challenge, SSPC 90-01-:95-99. 0000004329 00000 n Three separate miscellaneous activities representative of the jobs performed by this group of workers are discussed below. They operate on a "hazard isolation principle", either by removing a hazardous workplace condition (such as through ventilation) or by placing a . They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Hand sanding can also produce excessive dust. Currently, some state and local regulations require the use of enclosures or containment structures to prevent the uncontrolled dispersal of lead dust and debris into the environment. However, in enclosed spaces, strip back or protect the workers with air-line respirators in accordance with the requirements of. Administrative controls: programs and practic, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. This chapter also describes those lead-related tasks and operations that give rise to lead exposures among construction workers. when airflow is on all sides of the object, Zone of turbulence is _____X the diameter of the object Documentation of encapsulation is important because of the potential for exposures to underlying lead-based paint during maintenance, future renovation, and eventual demolition. The greatest disadvantage of this process is the difficulty of collecting the contaminated water; wherever the water goes, it carries debris with it. We take your privacy seriously. Steel Structures Painting Council, Lead Paint Removal: Meeting the Challenge, SSPC 91-05:117-130. Pot dressing is another source of lead fumes. High-pressure acid tanks used in the mining industry (especially during gold refining), as well as tanks (called "accumulators") found in some older paper mills and perhaps in other industries, are often lined with a specialized tile or lead brick. 0000025309 00000 n /Pages 2 0 R /T1_5 17 0 R Liquid CO2 storage connects to a nuggetizer hopper, which works in conjunction with an air compressor to blast a surface by using dry-ice pellets. 0000015971 00000 n Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. We take your privacy seriously. As the enclosures are torn down and moved, the workers involved are exposed to lead dust generated by the movement of the containment components. Moreover, the worker can install insulation manually (e.g., when installing rigid preformed insulation around pipes) or mechanically using, for example, a pneumatic blower (e.g., when blowing fiberglass or mineral wool into place over existing mineral-wool insulation). containment (i.e., a closed-system transfer device [e.g., PhaSeal] with a BSC or a CACI that is located in a non-negative pressure Table 21-3. The free circulation of wind and air helped to reduce the airborne concentration of lead-containing dust in the workers' breathing zone. Installation and cutting of solid lead sheets, lead foil panels, and lead brick as well as the pouring of lead shot into cavities produce lead dust in varying quantities (Personal communication, G. Hyde, Baltimore Lead Burning Corporation, March 5, 1991). Wet methods include misting of peeling paint with water before scraping, and sanding and misting of debris prior to sweeping or vacuuming. Developing administrative controls and safe work practices to reduce exposures to safe levels. airlock chamber. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Remove wallboard by cutting it into large pieces/sections with a carpet knife or shrouded saw with HEPA vacuum attachment. When site conditions warrant, less dusty methods should be used in place of open abrasive blast cleaning. In other words, material, equipment, or an entire process can be substituted to provide effective control of a lead hazard. Contract No. Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning. Health Hazard Evaluation Report. (b) If you want the load to stay in place held only by friction, what is the maximum distance xmaxx _ { \max }xmax you can stretch the spring from its relaxed length and have the load stay on when you release the platform-spring combination? This includes: Administrative controls and PPE require significant and ongoing effort by workers and their supervisors. Identify and use engineering controls. If surfaces are peeling or deteriorating and scraping is necessary prior to encapsulation, this method will produce lead dust and paint chips. The splicer pours the lead from one ladle over the copper joint and catches the excess in another ladle held below. Moving containment enclosures involves the setting up, tearing down, and handling of flexible nylon, plastic, and cotton tarpaulins as well as framing members which together form the sides of the enclosure. Boston Edison Company. Following a major repair Sash These categories are enclosure movement, activities related to abrasive blasting and repainting, and activities related to lead abatement. Additional exposures to lead can occur when lead sheets and bricks are fused with a welding torch or cut with a power saw when they are made into shielding containers. The engineering control methods that can be used to reduce or eliminate lead exposures can be grouped into three main categories: (1) substitution; (2) isolation; and (3) ventilation. General engineering and work practice controls that can be applied to almost any construction activity are addressed under Paragraph II, below. b. DNA only /BleedBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Although this list of operations is extensive, it is not necessarily inclusive (i.e, other construction activities not mentioned here may also involve lead exposure). dry hand-scraping, removal, and replacement of building components, heat-gun removal, chemical stripping of lead-based paint, and encapsulation). >> 0000005087 00000 n 0000007199 00000 n CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. /Resources << These systems require that the gun and shielding gas flow rates be carefully balanced to maintain weld quality and still provide good exhaust flow. Another good opportunity to use elimination and substitution is when selecting new equipment or procedures. The health hazards in this activity are caused by the lead dust and paint chips produced in the scraping process. trailer <<3FE115B2CE3646B19D51F54324A682A6>]/Prev 831446/XRefStm 2832>> startxref 0 %%EOF 709 0 obj <>stream /T1_1 8 0 R Training and evaluation can help ensure selected controls are successful. Consequently, appropriate controls must be implemented when using chemical strippers. Explain your reasoning using thermodynamic concepts. Health Hazard Evaluation Report. OSHA's lead standard for construction applies to any construction activity that potentially exposes workers to airborne concentrations of lead. Engineering controls protect workers by removing hazardous conditions or by placing a barrier between the worker and the hazard. A biological safety cabinet has what type of airflow, Which Class of BSCs provides personnel and environmental protection, but no product protection, Between Class 2 Type A1 and Class 2 Type A2, which one should not to be used for work involving volatile hazardous medications, Class 2 TYpe A1 Engineering controls include Biohazard bags and labels PPE Sharps disposal containers Self-sheathing needles Work practice controls methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an exposure incident by changing the way a task is carried out. 0000006516 00000 n The removal and repair of stained-glass windows includes several distinct activities: Removing the glass from the building and tracing the location of the pieces of glass; Disassembling the lead strips ("came") and removing the lead putty seals; Cleaning or replacing of the individual pieces of glass; and, Only the first activity, removal, takes place at the construction site. Until recently, abrasive blasting work was conducted in unobstructed air. Any material that is being considered as a substitute for a lead-based paint should be evaluated to ensure that it does not contain equally or more toxic components (e.g., cadmium or chromates). Noise, Falls, Silica, Aerosols, Asphalt fumes, Formaldehyde, Hazardous Drugs, Lead, Asbestos, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrous Oxide, Glutaraldehyde, more, Bloodborne Infections, Healthcare, Construction, Hearing Loss Prevention, Indoor Environmental Quality, Personal Protective Equipment, more, fb icon Facebookinsta icon Instagram Pinterest twitter icon Twitteryoutube icon YouTube device icon more sites. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management, Technical Equipment: On-site Measurements, Polymer Matrix Materials: Advanced Composites. 2 0 obj The amount of time a worker may spend actually welding or cutting can vary from only a few minutes up to a full shift. Lead Abatement Activities (Commercial/Institutional and Residential). Biosafety cabinets are used in labs working with human blood or OPIM. A safety device that detects the flow of current to the ground and opens the circuit to interrupt the flow. The pellets impinge on the surface and then sublime, leaving only paint debris to be cleaned up. When employees use PPE, employers should implement a PPE program. /Type /Page Lead exposures are generated when a piece of lead-based painted steel is heated to its melting point either by an oxyacetylene torch or an arc welder. /Kids [3 0 R 4 0 R] Bags and containers must be labeled to indicate that they contain lead-containing waste. Health hazards arise from lead dust released into the air during glass removal. 0000016856 00000 n Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Use personal protective equipment if engineering controls and work practices alone cannot reduce hydrogen sulfide to safe levels. mortar between the tiles/brick) must be removed. The lead health hazard during these operations comes from lead particulates released into the air. Work is generally organized so that blasting proceeds for approximately one-half day, followed by compressed air cleaning of the steel and application of the prime coat of paint. The OSHA lead standard for construction is unique in that it groups tasks (Appendix V:3-1) that are presumed to be associated with employee exposures above the PEL into three lead-exposure ranges. It is the preferred solution to protect workers because no exposure can occur. Premier, Inc. helps hospitals accelerate performance on both clinical outcomes and supply chain costs. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Using engineering controls as the next best line of defense. To the extent possible, replacing lead chromate with zinc. Mini-enclosure containment structures are usually light-weight, low wind-loading structures that isolate that area where blasting and surface priming is taking place on a given day. dust "blowdown" inside a negative-pressure containment structure). Provide thermostatic control for heat guns to restrict operating temperatures to the lowest temperature that will allow for the effective removal of lead-based paint. Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Failure to operate engineering controls properly may also contaminate the work area. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. High levels of airborne total dust and lead dust can be generated by breaking lead-painted plaster into small pieces. NIOSH Division of Safety Research. Supplemental Engineering Controls Closed System Transfer Devices (CSTDs) May NOT be used as a substitute for C-PEC, may be used in addition when compounding MUST be used when administering antineoplastic HDs Ensure CSTD is physically and chemically compatible with the specific HD No universal performance standard for CSTDs, evaluate A device or barrier that is designed to help separate the hazard from the operator Power tool cleaning with dust collection systems, Power tool cleaning without dust collection systems, Cleanup of dry expendable abrasive blasting jobs, Abrasive blasting enclosure movement and removal. Because of the water, little dust is generated. Although containment structures are designed to reduce the dispersion of lead into the environment, they usually increase worker exposure to airborne lead, reduce visibility, and increase the risk of slip and fall injuries due to waste material build-up on the footing surface of the enclosure. The potential exposure source is the filler metal that contains lead. the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal. << Typically, five to ten gallons of water per minute are used. An example of a partial containment is a structure with loosely hung permeable tarps and partially sealed joints and entryways. 0000003721 00000 n At the development stage, elimination and substitution may be the simplest and cheapest option. 0000014166 00000 n Smith, Michael Abbott. In this operation, the lead is typically melted above ground and then lowered by the assistant to the splicer, who is located in the manhole or underground vault. Generally, the sequence of events in setting up, tearing down, and moving of a containment structure on a bridge project is as follows: First, a section of the bridge is blast-cleaned and primed within the enclosure. In addition to those workers actually performing the abrasive blasting, other workers perform support activities such as pot-tending, operating the recycling and vacuum-truck equipment, and tending the abrasive medium transfer and waste-removal equipment. Abrasives used for injection include sand and slag materials, as well as soluble abrasives such as sodium bicarbonate. /Font << Exposures are likely to be highest when insulation is blown into place in a confined space. 2.2 Other Capture Devices 2.2 Other Capture Devices Engineering controls beside the fume hood include compressed gas cabinets, vented storage cabinets and local exhaust ventilation (LEV) such as capture hoods (canopy and slot), and snorkels. In addition, the production rate with dry-ice blasting is sometimes slow compared with the rate for conventional abrasive blasting. 1993. /GS0 13 0 R Examples of work practice controls In pharmaceutical compounding, the term "primary engineering control" usually refers to a device used to reduce the number of airborne particles and microorganisms in the compounding suite by channeling filtered unidirectional high-efficiency particulate air into areas that must be as contaminant free as possible. Certain lead-related construction tasks commonly produce exposures above the PEL and often orders of magnitude above the PEL. The workers included in this group are those who are secondarily involved with other activities described above. Vacuum blasting has several disadvantages (Knoy 1990). Another method is worker rotation, which involves rotating employees into and out of contaminated areas in the course of a shift, thereby reducing the full-shift exposure of any given employee. Summary of Secondary Engineering Controls Required for Each Classification of Compounded Sterile Preparation (CSP) Type of CSP per USP Chapter <797> ISO Class Requirement Segregated Compound- Work surface. Finally, because only the paint is removed, the surface may need to be "brush-off" blasted with an abrasive to produce a rough surface to facilitate adhesion of the new coating. Engineering controls: process containment and process upset controls Term 1 / 9 Closed environment drain system Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 9 A system of devices such as pumps, piping, and scrubbers to prevent the release of liquids, gases, and vapors to the atmosphere. outside via a properly functioning _______ _________, Cabinet supply fans draw room air (plus a portion of K. Manual Scraping and Sanding of Lead-Based Paints, L. Manual Demolition and/or Removal of Plaster Walls or Building Components, N. Chemical Stripping of Lead-Based Paint. The exposure ranges assigned to the different categories of tasks are based on data collected by OSHA and other sources including two advisory groups. Elimination removes the hazard at the source. Full containment refers to a relatively tight enclosure (with tarps that are generally impermeable and fully sealed joints and entryways) where minimal or no fugitive emissions are expected to reach the outside environment. These controls focus on the source of the hazard, unlike other types of controls that generally focus on the employee exposed to the hazard. They include specific equipment, infrastructure and design elements. J-9-F-1-0011. Inside the nozzle, abrasive and air is sent through an injector, where pressurized water is sent through water jets to become atomized water. 0000022372 00000 n Primary Engineering Controls (PECs). If the lead debris can be adequately filtered from the water, the volume of debris is low. According to industry sources, lead slag is no longer used in the manufacture of mineral wool, although lead can be present as a trace impurity (CONSAD 1993). Exposures to safe levels, the volume of debris prior to encapsulation, this method will produce lead dust be! And other sources including two advisory groups was conducted in unobstructed air collect is and. Popular and see how visitors move around the site produce exposures above the PEL for construction applies any... 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